The main problem I am running into is how to get calcium ion into the oil. I am thinking I could make an emulsion with calcium dissolved in water or alcohol, but I want the product to be mostly oil.
Look, oil is a non polar solvent and Calcium is is polar ion. Therefore you could not react it an oil medium… Further what you are making is a water and oil emulsion where water is the dispersed phase while oil is the dispersion medium. You are binding the calcium ions in little amount of water but dispersed in large quantities of oil. Alginates are not oil soluble either. Therefore there is a huge oil barrier to prevent the interactions of calcium ions and Alginates due to the minimal amount of water in your W/O emulsion.